The Different Types of Money in an Economy

While it is true that all money in an economy serves three functions, not all money is created equal. Commodity Money Commodity money is money that would have value even if it were not being used as money. (This is usually referred to as having intrinsic value.) Many people cite gold as an example of commodity money since they assert that gold has intrinsic value aside from its monetary properties. While this is true to some degree; gold does, in fact, have a number of uses, its worth noting that the most often-cited uses of gold are for making money and jewelry rather than for making non-ornamental items. Commodity-Backed Money Commodity-backed money is a slight variation on commodity money. While commodity money uses the commodity itself as currency directly, commodity-backed money is money that can be exchanged on demand for a specific commodity. The gold standard is a good example of the use of commodity-backed money- under the gold standard, people were not literally carrying around gold as cash and trading gold directly for goods and services, but the system worked such that currency holders could trade in their currency for a specified amount of gold. Fiat Money Fiat money is money that has no intrinsic value but that has value as money because a government decreed that it has value for that purpose. While somewhat counterintuitive, a monetary system using fiat money is certainly feasible and is, in fact, used by most countries today. Fiat money is possible because the three functions of money -- a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value -- are fulfilled as long as all people in a society acknowledge that the fiat money is a valid form of currency. Commodity-Backed Money vs. Fiat Money Much political discussion centers around the issue of commodity (or, more precisely, commodity-backed) money versus fiat money, but, in reality, the distinction between the two isnt quite as large as people seem to think, for two reasons. First, one objection to fiat money is the lack of intrinsic value, and opponents of fiat money often claim that a system using fiat money is inherently fragile because fiat money doesnt have a non-money value. While this is a valid concern, one must then wonder how a monetary system backed by gold is significantly different. Given that only a small fraction of the worlds gold supply is used for non-ornamental properties, isnt it the case that gold has value mostly because people believe it has value, much like fiat money? Second, opponents of fiat money claim that the ability for a government to print money without having to back it up with a specific commodity is potentially dangerous. This is also a valid concern to some degree, but one that is not entirely prevented by a commodity-backed money system, since its certainly possible for the government to harvest more of the commodity in order to generate more money or to revalue the currency by changing its trade-in value.

A Brief Note On The Death Of Euthanasia - 1456 Words

Death Rights: Euthanasia We as a people live in a society dominated by politics, laws, ethics, and most of all the freedom of choice. This freedom is challenged for a particular group of individuals who are often ignored in their plea for this choice, no matter how much they beg and scream for a peaceful means of death. Euthanasia must be put into effect immediately, it is a choice we must not make, the sufferers must make this controversial choice because it is their life, it must not be in the hands of those who can not even comprehend the pain that the suffer is in. Patient Assisted Suicide should be made legal on three accounts: The right to choose death over suffering is an inalienable right that all humans deserve to have, it is cost effective to end the suffering of a patient than to spend money on treatments when the patient is about to die anyway, and is, by nature, an ethical way to give a patient dignity in his life by giving him free will to choose what he wishes to do wi th it. Euthanasia: The Rights of Death over Suffering There is not a topic more heated and debated than the will of the patient to choose whether or not to end his/her life, given his/her certain condition is terminal and is in immeasurable pain and agony that they can no longer bare the burden to live (See Figure 1.0). Firstly, the very nature of euthanasia is in its name, coming from the greek name eu- meaning â€Å"good† and -thanatos meaning â€Å"death† (Humphry). This name sparks ideas in others,Show MoreRelatedEuthanasia Is The Other Form And It Takes Place Against The Patient s Consent1005 Words   |  5 PagesInvoluntary euthanasia is the other form and it takes place against the patient’s consent. Finally, non-voluntary euthanasia is whereby a physician carries out the act despite the fact that the patient does not have the ability to make the decision. To understand the slippery slope here, it is important to take note of the fact that all these forms of eut hanasia are morally demeaning since they do not uphold the right to life. Legalizing PAS would, therefore, imply that the right to life is beingRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 Pagesto explore the prospects of physician assisted suicide as for the greater good and as a modern ethical obligation. Gorsuch, Neil M.. â€Å"Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia.† Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 2006. 1-24, 180-200. The author of this book set the stage by giving a brief history of euthanasia and doctor assisted suicide in American and in various countries across the globe, mentioning cases such of Doctor Kevorkian of the early ‘90s in America assisting in theRead MoreThe Death Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia3752 Words   |  16 Pages Euthanasia has long been a topic of debate and can be characterized as indirectly or directly bringing about the death of another person for that person’s sake. Forms of euthanasia that are most commonly brought up include passive euthanasia, which is the legalized practice where someone is allowed to die by not doing something that would prolong life, and active euthanasia, which involves performing an action that directly causes someone to die. Furthermore, they can be further differentiatedRead MoreEssay on Active Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy1945 Words   |  8 PagesActive Euthanasia, Free Will and Autonomy Medicine in the hands of a fool has always been poison and death. -C. J. Jung Euthanasia, from the Greek, quite literally means the good death. Advocates of euthanasia, offer it as a solution for the emotional, psychological and physiologic suffering of terminally ill patients. The type of euthanasia, which is presently under debate, is called active euthanasia and is defined as an act performed by an individual to bring about the death ofRead More Euthanasia Must Not Be Legalized Essays2091 Words   |  9 PagesPresently, many cases of euthanasia had occurred around the world. Many a time we will stop and ask whether the person has anymore hope to live as a normal person. At the end it is left to the court to decide whether the people live or die. But why does the patient or the guardian choose euthanasia when they can live a longer time with their loved ones. Some might ask whether it is worth to see your loved ones suffering, wouldn’t it be better to end the suffering? To answer this question weRead MoreEuthanasia Prologue To The Holocaust4 567 Words   |  19 PagesEuthanasia Euthanasia: Prologue to the Holocaust Sophie Payne Introduction to Historical Research Methods April 20, 2017 Sophie Payne Euthanasia: Prologue to the Holocaust Euthanasia, the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering, dates to the first and second centuries. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word Eu (good) and Thanatosis (death). While euthanasia typically refers to the assistance of a painless death for a chronically orRead More Jack Kevorkian Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pagesand local doctors; Janet Adkins decided she didn ¹t want to undergo the sustained mental deterioration that Alzheimer ¹s Disease caused (Uhlman 111). She began to realize she had the disease when she started forgetting songs and failed to recognize notes as she played the piano (Filene 188).  ³She read in Newsweek about Dr. Jack Kevorkian and his Å’Mercitron ¹ machine, then saw him on the Å’Donahue ¹ Television show ² (Filene 188). With her husband ¹s consent but objections by sons and doctors, she telephonedRead MoreCarter Vs. Canada Attorney General1666 Words   |  7 PagesCarter vs Canada Attorney General Case brief: The heated case between, Carter v Canada Attorney General made many headlines across the nation, this case in particular talked about physician-assisted death which was going against the Charter rights and freedom. In other words this act was opposing the guidelines of our Charter. The Carter case began on April of 2011, how it arrived to the supreme court of Canada was a 65 year old woman named Gloria Taylor had ALS. SheRead MoreAruna Shanbaug Case - Supreme Court of India14522 Words   |  59 PagesMr. T. R. Andhyarujina, learned Senior Counsel, whom we had appointed as amicus curiae, Mr. Pallav Sisodia, learned senior counsel for the Dean, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, and Mr. Chinmay Khaldkar, learned counsel for the State of Maharashtra. 2 2. Euthanasia is one of the most perplexing issues which the courts and legislatures all over the world are facing today. This Court, in this case, is facing the same issue, and we feel like a ship in an uncharted sea, seeking some guidance by the light thrownRead MoreCanada s New Laws Regarding Doctor Assisted Suicide1828 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophical concept that a terminally ill individual should be allowed to die naturally and comfortably instead of experiencing a life of deep unconsciousness prolonged by mechanical support systems. (Death with Dignity) In 1993, Sue Rodriguez, a sufferer of ALS, believed that the time and manner of her death should not be determined by her illness or by the law. She expressed that it should be legal for a physician to end her life for her at a time she has chosen. (Fenton) Rodriguez took her case to the

Pathophysiology Template case study- Free Sample

Question: Case Study Mrs Ellen White, a 68 year old woman, is brought to the emergency department by her husband. She presents with worsening dyspnoea, cough and increasing sputum production over the past three days. On examination Mrs White is severely dyspnoeic, centrally cyanosed and exhibits pursed-lip breathing. She is alert and oriented but very anxious. Mrs White is using accessory muscles and on auscultation has decreased breath sounds, prolonged expiration and an expiratory wheeze. Observations on admission Temperature: 38.2 C Pulse: 96 beats/minute Respiration rate: 28 breaths/minute BP: 140/90mmHg Oxygen saturation: 91% Patient history Mrs White began smoking when she was 17 and smoked between 20 and 25 cigarettes a day until 10 years ago when she was diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema. Mrs White lives with her husband and is experiencing more difficulty with her usual activities due to increasing breathlessness. The medications that she has been taking are tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) inhaler once daily and salbutamol inhaler every 4-6 hours when required. Results of tests and investigations Pulmonary function tests FVC: 1.8L (75% of predicted) FEV1: 1.0L (55.5% of predicted) FEV1/FVC: 55% (Normal 70%) TLC: 4.5L (109% of predicted) Chest X-ray The chest X-ray shows a flattened diaphragm and lung hyperinflation with a translucent appearance of the lungs and no cardiac enlargement. The AP (anterior-posterior) diameter of the chest is increased. These changes are suggestive of COPD. Blood gases pH: 7.30 (7.35-7.45) PaO2: 45 mmHg (80-100 mmHg) PaCO2: 51 mmHg (35-45 mmHg) Bicarbonate: 36 mmHg (21-28 mmHg) Sputum culture and sensitivity Awaiting results. Mrs White was diagnosed with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease resulting from a respiratory infection. Management Oxygen: 2L/minute via nasal prongs. Salbutamol: 400 micrograms and ipratropium 80 micrograms via metered dose inhaler and spacer 4th hourly prn. Prednisolone: 40 mg orally daily for one week. Doxycycline: 100mg orally daily. Mrs White is transferred to a medical ward. Part 1 - Pathophysiology template Complete a pathophysiology template related to the case study. Part 2 - Questions related to the case study 1. Explain how two of Mrs Whites clinical manifestations are related to the structural and functional changes of her chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2. Select two drugs that have been used to treat Mrs Whites chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Discuss the rationales for the administration of these drugs. Relate your discussion to the pathophysiological process. Answers: Part 1. Definition COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a type of obstructive lung infection exemplified by steady poor airflow. It deteriorates eventually. COPD occurs as constant and considerable inflammatory response to inhaled irritants (MacNee Rennard, 2009). Frequent bacterial infection may involve in inflammatory condition. Poor airflow in COPD is the result of lung tissue destruction that is also termed as emphysema. COPD that is connected with small airways is identified as obstructive bronchitis. Aetiology Cigarette smoking is considered as the main cause of COPD and the other associated factors are air pollution and genetic factors. The probability of COPD development increases with total smoking exposure (Cazzola, 2009). Poor ventilation of cooking fires, biomass fuels lead to air pollution and also considered as one of the most important causes of COPD. Other risk factors may include asthma, a constant airway complication and smoking raises the chance of COPD especially. Pathogenesis Small airways damage causes the formation of big air pouches that is medically known as bullae. This formation changes lungs tissue. These problems are referred to as bullous emphysema. Inflammatory cells for example: neutrophil granulocytes, macrophages and few white blood cells are associated with COPD (Anzueto, 2009). In addition smokers pose eosinophil, TC1and lymphocyte association. Narrowing down of airways takes place due to scar formation and inflammation. This is somewhat responsible for inability to breathe out completely. Decrease in highest airflow occurs while breathing out. This is because chest pressure compresses airways during this incidence. Stimulus Chest pressure compression gives rise to air from previous left over breath in lungs when next breath is started. This causes increase in total air volume inside lungs. This method is identified as hyperinflation or air trapping. Normal alveolar ventilation is the amount of air volume that reaches to the alveoli and accessible for gaseous exchange with blood per unit volume (Morris, 2009). But in COPD, individual has lesser oxygen levels and elevated levels of carbon dioxide levels in blood; this takes place from deprived gaseous exchange due to airway obstruction, decreased ventilation from hyperinflation and lessened want for breathe. Clinical features The basic clinical features of COPD include cough, breathing shortness and production of sputum. Course and prognosis It varies with disease stage, clinical phenotype and therapy responses. Heavier smokers, smokers with marked hyperinflation, diffusion abnormality, without atopy features and poor response to bronchodilators usually have worst prognosis (Suzuki et al., 2013). Cessation of smoking can alter the course and diagnosis of COPD. Diagnosis COPD diagnosis includes spirometry measures, which measures the airflow obstruction and is commonly performed after the application of bronchodilator, which is a drug to open the airways (Chavez Shokar, 2009). Chest X-ray and completed blood counts are also useful to eliminate complicated conditions during COPD diagnosis. Treatment Treatment of COPD includes bronchodilators, exercise, corticosteroids and few antibiotics. The anticholinergics and beta2 agonists are effective in breathing complications and wheeze. Corticosteroids are generally administered in inhaled form and tablets forms are also used to treat acute exacerbations. Pulmonary rehabilitation is considered as a good exercise program, disease counseling and management benefit COPD affected individual. Prevention COPD prevention includes mainly smoking cessation, improvement of indoor and outdoor air quality and improvement of occupational health. Part 2 1. Mrs. White, a 68years old female, presents worsening dyspnoea, increasing production of sputum and cough. She is dyspnoeic, centrally cyanosed and shows pursed-lip breathing. Dyspnoea is said to be the feelings related with weakened breathing. It is considered as a common indication of deep exertion and becomes pathological when it takes place with unexpected conditions, for example: in Mrs. Whites case, COPD. To explain her structural and functional changes within the lungs, it can be said that her ventilator demand might increased because of hypoxemia that provokes the medulla area. However, Mrs. White has a proper oxygen saturation (91%) and almost normal/low carbon dioxide levels (45mm Hg), but still she experiences dyspnoea (YOZA, ARIYOSHI, HONDA, TANIGUCHI SENJYU, 2009). Therefore, to intervene about her breathing difficulty focus can be put on other mechanisms. Upper airway mechanoreceptors can change the breathlessness perception. Airway dilation receptors also react with lung inflation. In case of Mrs. White it might have happened that the limitation of expiratory airflow caused hyperinflation during rest or activities which stimulated stretch receptors. The results of hyperinflation comprise mechanical restriction to enlarge tidal volume, increase in elastic recoil and compression of the diaphragm, especially the vertical muscle fibers (Ora, Jensen ODonnell, 2010). The increased elastic recoil put an inspiratory load on diaphragm that has functional limitation because of undersized length of the muscle, resulting from hyperinflation.Mrs. White is centrally cyanosed, which is thought because of an increased level of deoxygenated hemoglobin. Forcing deoxygenated blood in veins to the systemic circulation gives rise to the cyanosis condition. Associated features are dyspnoea, bluish discoloration of fingers, oral mucous membrane and toes. The hyper secretion of mucus is a severe condition which gives rise to neutrophil activation, epithelial injury and chemokines release (Jones et al., 2012). From the case study of Mrs. White, it is seen that she was a heavy smoker and this condition can be accepted as chronic exposure for Mrs. White to develop COPD. In such cases, during the exposure, continuous neutrophil activation takes place and stable secretion of proteases and inflammatory cytokines leads to hyper secretion of sputum. On the other hand, it is reported that neutrophils, which are involved in the airways and their products play important function in EGFR dependent hyper secretion of mucus. 2. Mrs. White has been recommended with Salbutamol and Prednisolone.Salbutamol administration is useful because it belongs to bronchodilators class and specifically 2-adrenergic agonists (Drugbank.ca, 2015). Salbutamol administered during asthma, chronic bronchitis. It works by relaxing linings of the lung muscle in small airways wall inside lung. Salbutamol dilates airways and helps easier breathing. Salbutamol augments production of cAMP by the activation of adenylate cyclase and salbutamol actions are mediated by cAMP. Increased intracellular cAMP also increases cAMP dependent protein kinase A activity, which inhibits myosin phosphorylation and reduces intracellular calcium concentrations. Lower concentration of the intracellular calcium leads to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. This drug is commonly applied for bronchospasm, which brings about by chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma and persistent brnchopumonary complications, for example: COPD. Except bronchodilatio n, salbutamol inhibits broncho-constricting agents release from mast cells. It slows down microvascular outflow and increases mucociliary clearance. Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid, a cortisol derivative that is applied to treat various auto-immune and inflammatory responses. Recommendation of this medication is significant for Mrs. White because in case of COPD scar tissue formation takes place inside the lungs. Corticoids inhibit inflammatory response and protect the lungs from the accumulation of collagen and formation of scar tissues. Prednisolone usually binds with the GR receptors or glucocorticoid receptors, irreversibly. Prednisolone can influence and activates the biochemical functions of most of the cells. Regulation of genetic expression (such as: inhibition of COX-2 gene transcription) leads to inflammation suppression and suppression of immune response. This is clinically useful. References Anzueto, A. (2009). The pathogenesis of acute infection in COPD.Breathe,5(4), 311-315. doi:10.1183/18106838.0504.311 Cazzola, M. (2009).Acute exacerbations in COPD. Oxford: Clinical Pub. Chavez, P., Shokar, N. (2009). Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in a Primary Care Clinic.COPD,6(6), 446-451. doi:10.3109/15412550903341455 Drugbank.ca,. (2015).DrugBank: Salbutamol (DB01001). Retrieved 1 April 2015, from https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01001 Jones, B., Pepe, S., Sheeran, F., Donath, S., Hardy, P., Shekerdemian, L. et al. (2012). Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Fails to Protect Cyanosed Neonates Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Heart, Lung And Circulation,21, S298. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.731 MacNee, W., Rennard, S. (2009).Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Abingdon: HEALTH Press. Morris, C. (2009).The impact of distractive auditory stimuli on indicators of health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Ora, J., Jensen, D., ODonnell, D. (2010). Exertional dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanisms and treatment approaches.Current Opinion In Pulmonary Medicine,16(2), 144-149. doi:10.1097/mcp.0b013e328334a728 Suzuki, M., Makita, H., Ito, Y., Nagai, K., Konno, S., Nishimura, M. (2013). Clinical features and determinants of COPD exacerbation in the Hokkaido COPD cohort study.European Respiratory Journal,43(5), 1289-1297. doi:10.1183/09031936.00110213 YOZA, Y., ARIYOSHI, K., HONDA, S., TANIGUCHI, H., SENJYU, H. (2009). Development of an activity of daily living scale for patients with COPD: The Activity of Daily Living Dyspnoea scale.Respirology,14(3), 429-435. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01479.x

Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary. Answer: Introduction: Pulmonary diseases have registered a constant rise over the past 5 decades due to lifestyle influences as well as the constantly increase level of pollution. Cities are also growing more crowded which is making it easier for pulmonary diseases to be spread from one individual to the other. According to medical studies, pulmonary diseases were ranked the fifth highest cause of death in 2002. By 2030 is projected that Pulmonary diseases will be the third highest cause of deaths making is a serious concern that requires being addressed immediately(WHO 2007). Sadly most people are leaving this responsibility on medical professionals but for proper rehabilitation and care to be provided to patients suffering from PD, it is critical that the medical professionals, patient, and their family also be involved in the rehabilitation and care process. Pulmonary diseases are expected to increase in the future due to lifestyle habits, pollution and increasing congestion among the public, making it critical for Princess Margaret Hospital develop the effective mobile outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program. This will allow the hospital retain control over the care of all its Pulmonary diseases patients thus allowing it to deliver better lifestyle as well as care to patients who may be suffering from the PD(Blackler, Jones Mooney 2007). The Project is aimed at expanding Princess Margaret Hospital Pulmonary diseases care to our patients which will serve as an alternative source of income as well as deliver the much-needed care to the patients. To undertake this project and register success it is critical for the project to address three main areas namely Patient Exercise, Education, and counseling. Each of these plays an important role in proper pulmonary diseases rehabilitation and care. In addition to delivering higher-quality patient care, this project will also allow Princess Margaret Hospital to start up the new unit which will have huge potential to expand due to the lack of the project requiring investment on infrastructure and equipment. Princess Margaret Hospital will only need to invest on medical professional personnel who will take on the role on visiting the patient as opposed to the patients visiting the hospital. Offering door to door healthcare services is an increasing requirement among outpatients w ho find it easier and more convenient for the medical professionals to visit them as opposed to them visiting the medical facilities for treatment, care, and rehabilitation(Prieto 2008). But to this possible, its important to organize outpatients in batched on 3 to 6 individuals who can be provided with the required rehabilitation and care at the same time making it more economical on the patient and their families. Pulmonary diseases are on the rise and one of the main aspects associated with the rising level of deterioration among patients is the lack of proper lung and breathing exercises. This results in weakening the lung diaphragm which further complicates the rehabilitation and care of patients suffering from different lung diseases. This is especially being observed among city dwellers that have to adopt unhealthy lifestyles and experiencing additional pressures on health due to their professional life. With more jobs today restricting employees to a desk and computer, the need to manage overall exercise has become critical. The proposed project will help patients develop and manage full body and breathing exercises based on their medical history to help them build muscle as well as strengthen their lung diaphragm which will ultimately result in the patient's lung strengthening and building resistance(Bellamy Booker 2011). This will ultimately result in the decrease in the need for cons tant care and rehabilitation among outpatients but to execute these patients will require daily guidance and assistance from a medical representative from Princess Margaret Hospital. Having the medical representative plan and visit the patients on a daily or weekly basis will ensure patients are maintaining the recommended amount of exercise that helps strengthen their overall body and especially their lung cavity. Successful management and care of patients suffering from different medical conditions are also greatly influenced by their knowledge and understanding of the medical condition. This makes educating the outpatients regarding their specific medical conditions, its immediate care, and future management a very important part of the Pulmonary diseases outpatient care. Similar to the exercise unity, a there outpatient rehabilitation program should also have an education unit which visits the same patient groups and provide valuable information and tips related to avoiding Pulmonary disease attack triggers or allergies which may instigate the attacks on the patients(Heidelbaugh 2015). Another important aspect linked to patient education is related to collecting individual patient information related to their allergies and factors which may be triggering or worsening attacks. This is achieved by assisting the outpatients to maintain a daily record of all the food and liquids they consume as well as their daily activity records which may help identify exposure to triggers. This information can then be used to better manage the patients care as well as assist identify factors which may be influencing other patients attacks. Education also helps involve the patients towards treatment, care and management of pulmonary diseases which helps keep them active and physiologically stable which is also a major factor associated with successful patient rehabilitation and care. Medical care research into chronic and terminal disease have helped identify that diagnosis without proper counseling results in psychological pressure and strain on patients which further worsens the medical condition. This makes it very important for proper care and follows up counseling to be given to patients so as to nurture a stable psychological state among the diagnosed patients. Counseling also helps involve the patients in activities as well as assists patients experiencing additional complication related to the disease such as smoking and tobacco consumption overcome the habit(Kon, Hansel Barnes 2009). Pollution is also growing to be a major concern among Pulmonary disease patients and with pollution affecting more cities, the patients will need to receive proper guidance on how to avoid over exposure to pollution which may trigger the attacks. The Project proposal aims at delivering benefits to both the pulmonary disease outpatients and Princess Margaret Hospital. Each of the stakeholders associated with the patient and Princess Margaret Hospital is also expected to benefit from the proposed project which will benefit each of the stakeholders in some way or another. The first and main aim of the proposed project is to deliver high-quality healthcare to the Princess Margaret Hospital Pulmonary disease outpatients. This is a major concern due to the hospital experiencing an increasing number of pulmonary disease patient registrations which is resulting in the medical facilities inability to cope with handling all its patients(Healthcare 2014). To help ease the pressure on the patient and the hospital, the proposed project aims at offering door to door patient care services which will benefit the patient as well as help Princess Margaret Hospital expand expressively. Outpatients will no longer need to stand in long queue and they will be receiving the rehabilitation and care at a location of their preference or at their homes. Instant and Unlimited Hospital Patient Care Expansion Princess Margaret Hospital is currently experiencing an expansion crunch due to the overwhelming number of a patient being diagnosed with pulmonary diseases. This is resulting in many being provided with outpatient care but visiting the hospital again result in the patients experience unpleasant stress related to waiting for long to get medical care due to limited infrastructure and medical equipment to cater to all patients at the same time(Eren Webster 2015). By developing an outpatient care program the hospital will be able to reach out to a larger number of the patient thus allowing the hospital generate considerably more revenue which can be focused towards further expansions. Besides from the patients and hospital benefits from the outpatient care program, third party stakeholders will also benefit from the proposed project(Eren Webster 2015). Patient family and caregivers will get some relief from their constant care requirement as well as the proposed program helping generate employment among young medical professionals. Outpatient family and caregivers also tend to experience major complication and stress related to caring for patients diagnosed with pulmonary diseases. This constant need to care for the patient results in placing serious physiological stress on the care given and having a medical professional assist with caregiving and rehabilitation gives them a chance to also get some time to themselves(Acello 2004). This helps improve their focus and also helps improve the quality of care they give the patient. The proposed outpatient care program is also expected to generate employment. This is very important towards curbing the increasing rate of unemployment. This is achieved by Princess Margaret Hospital being able to hire more health care professionals who will add to the door to door rehabilitation and care units(Damp 2006). The demand for Mobile outpatient facilities is projected to increase in the future as hospital grown more congested and patients prefer to get the care at home or at designated places if provided at affordable costs(Silvius et al. 2017). Being outpatients that are likely to already have the medical condition under control thus formal mobile checkups are rehabilitation care can be offered to the patients to make it more convenient for them as well as allow the Princess Margaret Hospital expand into a new field of mobile healthcare which sees medical professionals visiting the patient as opposed to the patient visiting the medical facility for their weekly or monthly appointment. This also allows for Princess Margaret Hospital to expand their operations considerably without needing to invest in heavy infrastructure and equipment to cater to the mobile outdoor patient's care unit(Phiri Chen 2013). Evaluation Plan Due to high competition, most service providers have changed their strategy from waiting for clients to come to going out and servicing the customer at their convenience. The same can also be implemented with Princess Margaret Hospitals pulmonary diseases mobile unit which can target visiting the patients at their homes or other venues. The only change would be the setup but this would also allow the medical staff evaluates the patients daily surrounding to help them better care for and rehabilitate patients suffering from pulmonary diseases(Block 2006). This will deliver better patient evolution due to being in the patients daily surrounding which would help identify issues which may be causing or triggering pulmonary disease attacks. The proposed project will begin with three units which can help make an evolution of the feasibility of the proposed mobile health delivery units success. The mobile units will also be responsible for collecting all patient and day to day operations da ta which can use to evaluate the proposed project and help improve the plan before additional mobile healthcare units can be added(Blobel, Pharow Nerlich 2008). The mobile healthcare unit budget will require for Princess Margaret Hospital to invest on pulmonary diseases equipped ambulances which can be used to visit the patients. The ambulances should be stocked with daily patient care needs but also be capable of catering to Pulmonary diseases patients who may require urgent emergency care and transportation back to the hospital. In addition to the equipment and ambulances, the hospital will also need to hire pulmonary diseases health professionals who are capable of rehabilitation and caring for patients suffering from the pulmonary diseases(Callahan, Stetz Brooks 2011). Bibliography Acello, B 2004, Nursing Assisting: Essentials for Long Term Care, 2nd edn, Cengage Learning, New York. Bellamy, D Booker, R 2011, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Primary Care: All You Need to Know to Manage COPD in Your Practice, 4th edn, Class Publishing Ltd, Bridgewater. Blackler, L, Jones, C Mooney, C 2007, Managing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, John Wiley Sons, West Sussex. Blobel, B, Pharow, P Nerlich, M 2008, EHealth: Combining Health Telematics, Telemedicine, Biomedical Engineering and Bioinformatics to the Edge : Global Experts Summit Textbook, IOS Press, Ansterdam. Block, D 2006, Healthcare Outcomes Management: Strategies for Planning and Evaluation, Jones Bartlett Learning, London. Callahan, K, Stetz, G Brooks, L 2011, Project Management Accounting: Budgeting, Tracking, and Reporting Costs and Profitability, 2nd edn, John Wiley Sons. Damp, D 2006, Health Care Job Explosion!: High Growth Health Care Careers and Job Locator, 4th edn, Bookhaven Press, Mc Kee Rocks. Eren, H Webster, J 2015, Telehealth and Mobile Health, CRC Press, Boca Rotan. Eren, H Webster, J 2015, Telemedicine and Electronic Medicine, CRC Press, Natick. Healthcare, MM 2014, Mobile Integrated Healthcare: Approach to Implementation, Jones Bartlett Publishers, Berglington. Heidelbaugh, J 2015, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Elsevier Health Sciences. Kon, O, Hansel, T Barnes, P 2009, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Oxford University Press, New York. Phiri, M Chen, B 2013, Sustainability and Evidence-Based Design in the Healthcare Estate, Springer Science Business Media, Sheffield. Prieto, E 2008, Home Health Care Provider: A Guide to Essential Skills, Springer Publishing Company, New York. Silvius, G, Schipper, R, Planko, J Brink, J 2017, Sustainability in Project Management, Routledge, Oxon. WHO 2007, Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach, World Health Organization.

Strategic Markeitng Managemnt(Carrefour) Essay Example

Strategic Markeitng Managemnt(Carrefour) Essay Strategic marketing management Company Information Carrefour Group, in the past 40 years have grown to turn out to be one of the world’s leading distribution groups. Carrefour began its journey in 1959 which was established in France by the Defforey families and Fournier. The name Carrefour came into existence as shops were located on thoroughfare, which literally means a place where it’s convenient to shop. Carrefour hypermarket was first opened outside France in Belgium and the first in Brazil, outside Europe. The group currently operates in three major markets: Latin America, Europe and Asia, also including China, Brazil, Indonesia, Poland and Turkey. Carrefour has set its foot in 34 different countries. Carrefour Group is number 2 worldwide and number one in Europe with over 476,000 employees with four main store formats like: Hypermarket, super market, discount stores and convenience stores. Ambition and everyday values: With one ambition, that is ‘making Carrefour the preferred retailer wherever in operates’ with three pillars which support and make it happen : Client- Oriented Culture, Transformation and innovation, which is followed by everyday values which are: Committed, Caring and Positive which in turn help Carrefour to achieve their value which is ‘ to make Carrefour a business that is recognised and loved for helping its customers and consumers enjoy a better quality of life, each and every day’. 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Markeitng Managemnt(Carrefour) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Markeitng Managemnt(Carrefour) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Markeitng Managemnt(Carrefour) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Discuss the role of strategic marketing in an organisation John Scully defined strategic marketing as ‘a series of integrated actions leading to a sustainable competitive advantage’. Another definition of Doyle (1998) defines, ‘strategic marketing as planning for the organisation to utilise the optimum resources and make tactics to achieve the overall objectives of the organisation’. The strategic marketing brings the following advantages to an organisation: 1. Brings competitive advantage to the organisation by making themselves different from the competitors (Doyle, 1998). Carrefour group in case of pricing use ‘everyday low prices’ strategy, which ensures cheaper good with superior quality, which pulls in customers. 2. Increase the business capability by guiding the managers with the clear direction (Doyle, 1998). Carrefour knowing both their internal and external strength and weakness sets strategies which guide the employers and employees in the right direction. 3. Helps in analysing the market, competitor analysis, product/service analysis, classify the segments, target the customers, and position to the audience what they offer (Doyle, 1998). Carrefour group uses strategic marketing to investigate not only competition but also the competitive advantage the others have and along with it analyse the market growth and potential of retail industry. 4. The best approach to increase the sale, communicate and deliver the value is strategic marketing (Doyle, 1998). Carrefour interact and communicate through their customers by getting feedback, advertising, promotions which attract new customers, which helps to increase brand value at the same time create a position for itself in the customers mindset. 2. Explain the processes involved in strategic marketing and evaluate the links between strategic marketing and corporate strategy Marketing Planning Process Market Planning Process Market planning is the process in which the organisations monitors and control the internal and external opportunities and challenges to maximise the profit by delivering the value to the customers. This is called as situational analysis. The market planning process should be aligned with corporate strategy to achieve the corporate objectives (McDonald, 2008). Market Planning Process: Figure 1: Market Planning Process (McDonald, 2008). Corporate strategy Carrefour group aims to satisfy every customer expectation and satisfaction with professionalism and offer best possible prices (everyday low prices) for high quality products and services and grow to become the number one hypermarket in the world. Internal analysis Strength 1. Wide market presence 2. Skilled labourers 3. Multi-format strategy 4. Strategic acquisitions 5. Presence in 34 countries 6. Expanding and growing market. 7. Strong brand in world retail industry 8. Pioneers in hypermarkets. Weaknesses . Decline in operating margin. 2. Entry of competitors with new strategies. 3. Low like-for-like sales in domestic market. 4. All countries may not accept the pricing strategies(JAPAN) 5. Strategies are same throughout different countries, which may not be acceptable by the customers. 6. Poor E-commerce performance. 7. Weak positions in Asia and Middle East countries. Opportunities 1. Rebranding the champion b rand stores 2. Entry into emerging markets like China, Poland, Turkey, etc. 3. Focus to boost non-food sales 4. Strategic acquisitions and joint ventures 5. Development in discount stores. 6. Maintain better labor relations Threats 1. Low consumer confidence (since low price, customers have a notion it may be low in quality, especially Japanese customers). 2. Fierce competition 3. Wal-mart low prices is a threat 4. Rising labor cost. 5. Terrorism and instability in Africa and Asia 6. Entry of new players. External Analysis Ansoff Matrix Ansoff matrix is tool to find the market position of the organisation in the current market. This matrix will to find about position of the organisation serving the particular target market (Hannagan, 2002). Market penetration |Product Development | |Market extension |Diversification | Existing Market New Existing New Products Source: Adapted from Hannagan (2002). According to IMAP retail report published in September 2010, it says there were around 1409 transactions which valued at $17. 1 billion. Two major transactions: Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Lotte Shopping Co. , represented alone around $2. 7bill ion which is nearly 15. 8percent of total dollar volume. In geographical terms, United Kingdom had the highest transaction volume of $3. 9billion with a total of 161 transactions in last 12 months till September 2010. United states fall second to a total value of $3. 4 billion USD. This report ultimately shows that the retail industry is growing worldwide at tremendous rate. Carrefour group along with the competiton made strategic acquisitions as below: †¢ Acquired 4 hypermarkets in Spain(2006) †¢ Acquired 6 hypermarkets in Taiwan. †¢ In 2005, acquired 10 hypermarkets in Brazil and 2 Turkish retail banners, including 12 hyper nova hypermarkets in Poland. They followed a pricing strategy called ‘everyday low price’ strategy where they provide goods at low rates each day and low when compared to other retail chains. They attract almost every new customer with ease due to their pricing strategy, but Japanese customers where the only ones who didn’t accepted the strategy and Carrefour at the same time was not able to keep up with the fashion trends of Japan. Marketing Strategy Carrefour aims at giving customers the best where ever it operates. By meaning preferred retailer it means drawing customers to shop to which they are loyal. It also means making customers want to visit, keep visiting the stores. For this very purpose Carrefour puts a low price for their products and keeps promotion and exhibitions for their shops which attract new customers keeping in mind their social commitment and corporate social responsibility. All strategies implemented or decided are always in line with the corporate strategy which is to achieve results. Implementation, Monitoring, Control and Forecast After setting the top level strategies, they analyse the business internally and externally and set the market strategies. They will communicate their plan to the stakeholders (agents, lecturers, staffs, etc). They will allocate their resources like finance, HR and physical resources to achieve their strategies. They monitor the progress of the plan through means of number of students, profit, and other key performance indicators. If the plan is not going in their way they make alternative plans or they try to control the situation as much as possible. With current analysis and market growth they forecast the future of their institution. Carrefour has B2B strategy in which implementation has three different levels, which are: local approach, regional approach with global co-ordination and finally global approach which have standard processes and shared tools. Monitoring and control is done by strategic partnership, advanced collaboration and entry ticket. Forecast at Carrefour is done by analysing the financial accounts and looking into the daily achievement of targets and set goals. 3. Assess the value of models used in strategic marketing planning SWOT analysis According to Johnson et al (2005) â€Å"SWOT analysis is used to identify the internal capability or strength and weakness of the organisation, deals with exploring and capitalising the opportunities and threat involved in the changing business environment. † Based on the internal analysis of the organisation CAMS can plan their strategic marketing, if they are strong the make offensive strategy (expansion and penetration) if they feel that they need to improve more than they should go with defensive strategies (retention, pricing, promotions, etc). Refer 2. 2 where the Ansoff matrix can be used a tool to identify position of the CAMS in the market. Situation analysis can be used along with market analysis to make the effective marketing planning. Carrefour strengths and weakness: Strength: 1. Largest hypermarket chain in terms of size. 2. Wide market presence 3. Ranked third in terms of profit in industry after Tesco and Wal-Mart 4. Multi-format strategy 5. Operating in 34 countries 6. Selling number of products with its own private brands. 7. Strategic acquisitions 8. More than 50% sales of the company come from France. Weaknesses 1. Reduce operating expenses. 2. Decline in operating margin 3. Weak position in Asia and Middle east countries. 4. Low like-for-like sales in domestic market. 5. Poor E-commerce performance 6. Too much time in opening new stores. Opportunities 1. Joint venture acquisitions for more expansion. 2. Rebranding champion stores 3. Improve sale performance 4. Reduce operating cost 5. Maintain better labor relations 6. Entering emerging markets 7. Focus to boost non-food sales 8. Develop discount stores. Threat 1. Fierce completion 2. Wal-marts low prices. 3. Low consumer confidence 4. Entry of new players 5. Slow expansion outside France. 6. Rising labor cost 4. Discuss the links between strategic positioning and marketing tactics Ansoff matrix is tool to find the market position of the organisation in the current market. This matrix will to find about position of the organisation serving the particular target market (Hannagan, 2002). Market penetration |Product Development | |Market extension |Diversification | Existing Market New Existing New Products Source: Adapted from Hannagan (2002). Carrefour group presently is running with around 495,000 employees and operating in 34 countries world wide. Carrefour offer a wide range of products like cosmetics, groceries, bakeries, every house hold items, including food items. Strategic positioning is positioning the organisation in the target market (image of the industry or organisation to the target audience) (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). Marketing tactics is logical actions performed to position themselves in the markets (actions or steps taken to position themselves) (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). The marketing strategy of Carrefour is mainly to offer goods at low prices and great quality and hence attract more customers. The group also provide promotions and exhibitions for its customers at various outlets. Now Carrefour has entered the Asian markets and also Poland, Turkey, etc. Also the B2B strategy which has been implemented gave out a positive result. 5. Analyse the merits of relationship marketing in a given strategic marketing strategy Relationship Marketing According to Payne et al (1998) the relationship is attracting, enhancing and maintain good customer relationship among the customers. The relationship is maintained between the existing customers and organisation through services and selling, by retaining the old customers they can grow in the market by getting new customers. The merits of having relationship marketing in Carrefour are a) they can get more customers through after sales feedback, b) offer bonus points and discounts for loyal customers which is possible by providing them with loyalty cards, c) advertising and promotion costs could be reduced through word of mouth marketing which is possible through loyal customers, d) market expansion, technology implementation, maintaining corporate social responsibility all is possible retaining existing customers, e) close relationship with existing loyal customers in form of special discounts for loyalty card holders, and f) which in turn ensures more customers due to referencing from old customers which saves cost on finding new customers. 6. Use appropriate marketing techniques to ascertain growth opportunities in a market Segmentation and targeting: According to Kotler and Armstrong (2010) segmentation is dividing the entire market according the buyer potential. Some of the types of segmentation are demographic, behaviour, psychographic, and geography. This technique is used to find out the potential users of the product or the service that we target to sell or produce. Targeting is selecting the clients to serve from the various segments selected (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). Carrefour group can develop the existing stores located in Asia and Middle east countries which are facing problems. This may be done by having mergers or acquisitions with the retail chains established there. This provides Carrefour an ease to enter the market as well as use the raw materials or any transport medium which the merged company used. It also help to build contacts with suppliers and customers of the merged company, which brings new customers and increase in revenue can be guaranteed. Entry in Japan was failure, but they could again study the market in Japan and re-enter with a big bang which will help them capture the market in no time, but a different pricing strategy should be adopted in order to change their notion that ‘cheaper goods are low quality goods’. 7. Plan how to use marketing strategy options in a market Cost leadership: Porter (1985) said that when the organisation aims to provide the products or services at the minimum price, their strategy becomes cost leadership. They will compete with pricing from the other competitors. Mostly this technique is used when the clients are highly sensitive towards the price. Customers in today’s world are very price conscious as well as quality conscious. They are ready to pay higher price but without compromising on quality of the product. But Carrefour has product for all types of customers be it rich, middle class or poor. All good keep up their quality in low price too. This satisfies the middle class people’s needs to a certain level. Higher class customers may opt different or same goods at higher price. Giving product at low price is possible due to mass production as the customer base is huge. Own production plants act as a competitive advantage for Carrefour which puts the new entrants to re-think is their entry correct or not. 8. Create appropriate strategic marketing objectives for a market Marketing strategies for 7 P’s McDaniel and Gates (1998) defined marketing mix as â€Å"the unique blend of products, price, promotions, place and distribution to meet the specific demands of the customer. † They said the organisation or the marketing manager should focus on the 4 P’s and frame their plan according to their marketing strategies, each element should be focussed by the manager’s else entire plan will be failed. But now as technology got advanced and also the advancement in marketing areas and emergence of new theories, the 4 basic P’s of marketing mix has become 7 P’s, which are namely: product, price, place, promotion, people, physical distribution and process. Considering the product, price, place and promotion aspect of marketing mix, Carrefour has a wide range of product line and product extension. They see that there is no compromise on the quality of the product and since they produce most of the products in their plants, they are able to produce it at cheaper rates, which make them easy to sell at lower rates. The pricing strategy of Carrefour that is everyday low price is a niche in those times which they were able to implement with ease. Place and promotion of the stores and products are of vital importance. Access to market and customers convenience have to be checked before finalising the location and continuous promotion of stores and product should be there in order to keep up with the market. People, physical distribution and process are the latest in the marketing mix. People in general mean the, customers. Carrefour see’s that they meet their customer requirements and expectations when they do shopping. Distribution handling of Carrefour is done by themselves with the large trailers they have which they move to each stores in particular areas and delivering the products. 9. Report on the impact of changes in the external environment on a marketing strategy Marketing strategy Carrefour group share a common dream of a business that is recognised and loved for helping its customers and consumers enjoy a better quality of life, each and every day. This is ensured by three main pillars of Carrefour which are: commitment, caring and positive nature. Rising expectations: The number of consumers, consumer’s needs and fashion too is having a changing trend. One can say this is as a result of globalisation, which increases customer expectations and their standards. Customers prefer high quality goods with reasonable price. In case of luxury items it’s different, as potential customers go for high priced products and quality is in-compromisable. Carrefour carefully understands the customer needs and requirements with the change in trend and then produces which are in budget for them. Target market of Carrefour in general is the whole market where ever they are. Segmentation is possible in areas where its price sensitive. When we take the case of products, they avail products for different age. Let it be a baby, child, teenager or an adult, there are products that suits everyone. Customers are given suggestion box to give their feedback on products as well as the service rendered for them at time of shopping. This helps Carrefour improve its existing method of executing plans. Keeping a close eye on competitors pricing strategy and customer retention method, boosts Carrefour to think of innovative ideas to tackle their rival. 10. Conduct an internal analysis to identify current strengths and weaknesses in a marketing strategy Marketing strategy: Carrefour sees that their service and product as well, satisfies their customer in all ways and are meeting their expectations. This is not only to increase customer base and revenue, but also maintain and achieve their corporate social responsibility. Carrefour also integrates sustainable Strength and Weakness of Carrefour based on marketing strategies: Strength †¢ Wide market presence: presence in almost 34 countries helps them to have a wide span in the worldwide market. Multi-format strategy: means having everyday low price strategy and B2B strategy at the same time †¢ Joint ventures/acquisitions in different countries like Taiwan, Brazil, Turkey and Poland was a part of their marketing strategy which helps to expand their market. †¢ Employee base of approximate 495000 around the globe shows its wide network. †¢ Being a pioneer in hypermarkets give them additional competitive advantage among the rivals. †¢ Ranked third in terms of revenue in the retail industry after Tesco and Wal-Mart. †¢ More than 50 percent of revenue come from France which means they have a strong market base in France which makes them a pioneer in the French market. †¢ Strong brand in world of retail industry. Weakness One main weakness is that Carrefour takes too much time in opening new stores. †¢ Poor performance in E-Commerce †¢ Lack of maintaining labour relations. †¢ Rising labour costs make it difficult for retaining all labours †¢ Sometimes consumers may have low confidence; this is clear from failure of Carrefour in Japan market. †¢ Low like-for-like sales in domestic market. †¢ Weak own brand sales. 11. Propose strategic marketing responses to key emerging themes in a marketing strategy Proposal for Strategic Marketing: †¢ Carrefour can target growing countries like India and China to set up a market base as both the countries are in growing stage with a tremendous growth rate. Rather than acquisitions, strategic alliance could be made with another company which enables Carrefour to reach a wider market. †¢ Maintain more close relationship not only with customers but also with suppliers as the chain with suppliers should not be tangled. †¢ Study of market, its customers in essential in order to enter a new market without fail. Failure in Japan is because of lack of market research and study. †¢ Strength and weakness of rivals should be found out which can be overcome by making it as the opportunities. †¢ Political and economical changes and involvement should also be noted before implementing a plan or strategic decision. References Doyle, P (2008) Value based marketing, John Wiley and Sons, United Kingdom Hannagan, T (2002) Mastering Strategy Management, Palgrave publishers, Great Britain Johnson, G, Scholes, K, and Whittington, R (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy, Pearson Education Limited, United Kingdom Kotler, P and Armstrong, G (2010) Principles of Marketing, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA McDaniel, CD and Gates, RH (1998) Marketing research essentials, Ohio: Thompson Publishing McDonald, M (2008) Market planning and expert systems, Marketing Intelligence and Planning 7(7-8): 16-23. Porter, ME (1985) Competitive Advantage: Generic Strategies, Free Press, New York Websites †¢ IMAP retail report [online]. (2010) [Accessed 13/05/11]. Available from: http://www. imap. com/imap/media/resources/IMAPRetailReport8_23CB9AA9C6EBB. pdf. †¢ finance. world of maps [online]. (2010) [Accessed 13/05/11]. Available from: . Bottom of Form †¢ finance. world of maps [online]. (2010) [Accessed 13/05/11]. Available from: . †¢ carrefour swot analysis [online]. (2010) [Accessed 13/05/11]. Available from: . †¢ carrefour swot analysis [online]. (2010) [Accessed 13/05/11]. Available from: . †¢ carrefour [online]. (2010) [Accessed 13/05/11]. Available from: . Corporate Strategy Internal Analysis External Analysis Marketing Objectives/Strategy Plan Implementation and Control

Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences Essays - Free Essays

Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences Essays - Free Essays Howard Gardner Multiple Intelligences Educational Philosopher Essay Howard Gardner Howard Gardner introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple Intelligences is a theory about the brain that says human beings are born with a single intelligence, that cannot be changed, and is measurable by a psychologist. Gardner believes that that there is eight different intelligences in humans. Most intelligence tests nowadays test only one or two intelligences, usually language and logic. Six others according to Gardner are musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Gardner believes that everyone acquires all eight of these intelligences, and through environment, genetics, and different experiences no two people have the same make up of intelligences. Because of these differences we need to look at educating students differently. We can either overlook these differences in our students and teach them all the same way, or realize that all students have different intellectual strengths and weaknesses, and factor these differences into the way we teach our students. Unfortunately in our schools if a student has an understanding of the intelligences language, and logic, than they will have no problem passing the kind of tests that are given in school, which in turn will make them feel that they are very smart. But another student who may have weaker language, and logic intelligences but is altogether just as intelligent as the other student, will never be able to pass the tests required in our schools. And in turn these students will grow up feeling as if they are not smart, when in fact they can be extremely intelligent. Some students may have a better understanding of subjects if only they were taught to use any other of their intelligences to understand a particular subject. Students and educators need to figure out how a particular mind works, for them to better learn and understand. If a student at an early age feels that they are not as smart as the other students, it will affect them for their whole lives. They will feel differently about themselves, and school. This will also cause a low self-esteem which will hurt them, and keep them from reaching their full potential. Gardner believes that a student first needs to try to improve their language, and logic intelligences, but if they cant they should know that they still have the ability to learn, and should try using many of their other intelligences. Basically educators and students need to realize that no two people think the same way, and need to modify the curriculum to help every student learn and understand. Gardner believes that elementary school should not be a time of strict, disciplined learning, but a time to teach the joy of learning. Young children need to learn the differences between, opinions, beliefs, and evidence, and this will carry them throughout the later education years. I think that in our schools we have some programs like classes for gifted students, and classes for slower students. But when it comes down to it everyone is taught the same material in the same way, and is everyone is expected to pass the same test. I think that seeing what Gardner believes in our classrooms today would be encouraging, and wonderful. But I also think that realistically it would be very difficult to be carried out in all of our schools. But when it comes down to it we as a nation need to realize that our children are the future of our country. And that we should by any means possible encourage them, and stimulate them to learn and think, so that they in turn love education, and feel confident about themselves.

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